| WHII.9 |
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the effects of the Industrial Revolution during the nineteenth century by |
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citing scientific, technological, and industrial developments and explaining how they brought about urbanization and social and environmental changes; |
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explaining the emergence of capitalism as a dominant economic pattern, and subsequent development of socialism and communism; |
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describing the evolution of the nature of work and the labor force, including its effects on families, the status of women and children, the slave trade, and the labor union movement; |
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explaining the rise of industrial economies and their link to imperialism and nationalism; |
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assessing the impact of European economic and military power on Asia and Africa, with emphasis on the competition for resources and the responses of colonized peoples. |
NOTE: The Virginia Board of Education adopted the revised 2008 History and Social Science Standards of Learning at the January 10, 2008, meeting. Full implementation of these documents is scheduled for the 2010-2011 school year, as outlined in Superintendent’s Memorandum Informational Number 49.
Explain that the Industrial Revolution began in England, spreading to the rest of Western Europe and the United States.
Explain that with the Industrial Revolution came an increased demand for raw materials from the Americas, Asia, and Africa.
Explain that advancements in technology produced the Industrial Revolution, while advancements in science and medicine altered the lives of people living in the new industrial cities. Cultural changes soon followed.
Explain how the Industrial Revolution produced changes in culture and society.
Summarize the origin of the Industrial Revolution and the reasons it began in England. Use the following information as a guide:
• Origin in England, because of its natural resources like coal, iron ore, and the invention and improvement of the steam engine
• Spread to Europe and the United States
• Role of cotton textile, iron, and steel industries
• Relationship to the British Enclosure Movement
• Rise of the factory system and demise of cottage industries
• Rising economic powers that wanted to control raw materials and markets throughout the world
Explain how the spread of industrialism to Europe and the United States accelerated colonialism and imperialism.
Summarize the following technological advancements that helped produce the Industrial Revolution:
• James Watt—Steam engine
• Eli Whitney—Cotton gin
• Henry Bessemer—Process for making steel
Summarize the following advancements in science and medicine:
• Edward Jenner—Developed smallpox vaccination
• Louis Pasteur—Discovered bacteria
Summarize the impact of the Industrial Revolution on industrialized countries:
• Increased population
• Raised standard of living for many, though not all
• Improved transportation
• Increased urbanization
• Increased environmental pollution
• Increased education
• Caused dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions
• Contributed to growth of the middle class
Describe the role of capitalism and market competition in the Industrial Revolution.
Explain that capitalism and market competition fueled the Industrial Revolution. Wealth raised the standard of living for some.
Explain that social dislocations associated with capitalism produced a range of economic and political ideas, including socialism and communism.
Summarize the rise of capitalism, using the following information as a guide:
• Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
• Role of market competition and entrepreneurial abilities
• Impact on standard of living and the growth of the middle class
• Dissatisfaction with poor working conditions and the unequal distribution of wealth in society
Describe some theories opposed to capitalism, using the following information as a guide:
• Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto (written with Friedrich Engels) and Das Capital
• Response to the injustices of capitalism
• Importance of redistribution of wealth as a communist concept
Explain that agricultural economies were based on the family unit. The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on the structure and function of the family.
Summarize the impact the Industrial Revolution had on the lives of women, children, and the family:
• Family-based cottage industries displaced by the factory system
• Harsh working conditions, with men competing with women and children for wages
• Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high
• Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers_
• Women and children entering the workplace as cheap labor
• Introduction of reforms to end child labor
• Expansion of education
• Women’s increased demands for suffrage
Summarize the impact of the Industrial Revolution on slavery:
• The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations.
• The United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery itself.
Explain that the Industrial Revolution placed new demands on the labor of men, women, and children. Workers organized labor unions to fight for improved working conditions and workers’ rights.
Explain that industrial nations in Europe needed natural resources and markets to expand their economies.
Explain that nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions. European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms. Industrially-produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries. Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.
Explain that European nations competed to control Africa and Asia to secure their economic and political success.
Describe some forms of imperialism, using the following information as a guide:
• Colonies
• Protectorates
• Spheres of influence
Explain that imperialism spread economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world.
Explain that resistance to imperialism took many forms including armed conflict and intellectual movements.
Summarize imperialism in Africa and Asia using the following information as a guide:
• European domination
• European conflicts carried to the colonies
• Christian missionary efforts
• Spheres of influence in China
• Suez Canal
• East India Company’s domination of Indian states
• American opening of Japan to trade
Summarize the response of colonized peoples, using the following information as a guide:
• Armed conflicts (events leading to the Boxer Rebellion in China)
• Rise of nationalism (first Indian nationalist party founded in the mid-1800s)
Below is an annotated list of Internet resources for this organizing topic. Copyright restrictions may exist for the material on some Web sites. Please note and abide by any such restrictions.
“Adam Smith.” The History of Economic Thought.. New School University. <http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/smith.htm>. This site contains links to resources about Adam Smith’s life and works.
Bessemer, Henry. “Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S.” <http://www.history.rochester.edu/ehp-book/shb/>. This site contains an autobiography of Henry Bessemer.
“Boxer Rebellion.” Internet Modern History Sourcebook. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1900Fei-boxers.html >. This site provides information on the Boxer Rebellion.
Carnegie, Andrew. James Watt.<http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/carnegie/>. This site provides a biography of James Watt.
“Education Place.” Outline Maps. Houghton-Mifflin. <http://www.eduplace.com/ss/maps>. This site permits visitors to print a variety of maps.
Edward Jenner Museum. <http://www.jennermuseum.com>. This site contains information about Edward Jenner’s life and contributions.
Eli Whitney Museum. <http://www.eliwhitney.org/main.htm>. This site contains information about Eli Whitney’s life and inventions.
“Karl Marx.” The History of Economic Thought. New School University. <http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/marx.htm>. This site contains links to resources about on Karl Marx.
“The Rise of Labor.” Freedom: A History of Us. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/web09/segment6.html>. This site contains information on the rise of labor unions from the Picture History and Educational Broadcasting Corporation.
Imperialism. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook34.html>. Fordham University. This site provides a number of commentaries on the New Imperialism and its consequences.
Imperialism in Asia. Sparknotes. <http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1871-1914/section7.rhtml>. This site provides an overview of imperialism in Asia from 1830 to 1900.
Imperialism in Asia. Temple University. <http://astro.temple.edu/~barbday/Europe66/resources/imperialismasia.htm>. This site has a map of imperialism in Asia as of 1914.
Virginia Standards of Learning Assessments for the 2001 History and Social Science Standards of Learning: History and Social Science Released Items for World History II. Virginia Department of Education, 2003/04. <http://www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/Assessment/Release2003/History/VA-RIBs_g11wh2-1.pdf>.
Virginia Standards of Learning Assessments for the 2001 History and Social Science Standards of Learning. World History and Geography: 1500 a.d. to the Present. Test Blueprint. Virginia Department of Education, 2003/04.<http://www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/Assessment/HistoryBlueprints03/2002Blueprint8WHII.pdf>. This site provides assessment information for World History and Geography: 1500 a.d. to the Present.
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