| WHII.4 |
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the impact of the European Age of Discovery and expansion into the Americas, Africa, and Asia by |
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explaining the roles and economic motivations of explorers and conquistadors; |
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describing the influence of religion; |
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explaining migration, settlement patterns, cultural diffusion, and social classes in the colonized areas; |
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describing the Columbian Exchange including its impact on native populations; |
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mapping and explaining the triangular trade; |
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describing the impact of precious metal exports from the Americas. |
NOTE: The Virginia Board of Education adopted the revised 2008 History and Social Science Standards of Learning at the January 10, 2008, meeting. Full implementation of these documents is scheduled for the 2010-2011 school year, as outlined in Superintendent’s Memorandum Informational Number 49.
Explain that the expanding economies of European states stimulated increased trade with markets in Asia. With the loss of Constantinople in 1453, European nations fronting the Atlantic sought new maritime routes for trade.
Summarize the following factors that contributed to the European discovery of lands in the Western Hemisphere:
• Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources in Europe
• Support for the diffusion of Christianity
• Political and economic competition between European empires
• Innovations in navigational arts (European and Islamic origins)
• Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator
Identify some of the important explorers, and summarize the establishment of overseas empires and  decimation of indigenous populations, using the following information as a guide:
• Portugal—Vasco da Gama
• Spain—Christopher Columbus, Hernando Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, Ferdinand Magellan
• England—Francis Drake
• France—Jacques Cartier
Explain that an additional motive for exploration was to spread the Christian religion.
Explain how the expansion of European empires into the Americas, Africa, and Asia affected the religion in those areas.
Summarize the means of diffusion of Christianity. Use the following information as a guide:
• Migration of colonists to new lands
• Influence of Catholics and Protestants, who carried their faith, language, and cultures to new lands
• Conversion of indigenous peoples
Explain that Europeans migrated to new colonies in the Americas, creating new cultural and social patterns.
Explain that Europeans established trading posts and colonies in Africa and Asia.
Summarize, using the following information as a guide, the effect of European migration and settlement on the Americas, Africa, and Asia:
Americas
• Expansion of overseas territorial claims and European emigration to North and South America
• Demise of Aztec, Maya, and Inca empires
• Legacy of a rigid class system and dictatorial rule in Latin America
• Forced migration of some Africans into slavery
• Colonies’ imitation of the culture and social patterns of their parent country
Africa
• European trading posts along the coast
• Trade in slaves, gold, and other products
Asia
• Colonization by small groups of merchants (India, the Indies, China)
• Influence of trading companies (Portuguese, Dutch, British)
Explain that the discovery of the Americas by Europeans resulted in an exchange of products and resources between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
Describe the Columbian Exchange, using the following information as a guide:
• Western Hemisphere agricultural products such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco changed European lifestyles.
• European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles of American Indians (First Americans).
• European diseases like smallpox killed many American Indians (First Americans).
Summarize the impact of the Columbian Exchange between European and indigenous cultures. Use the following information as a guide:
• Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of African slaves.
• Slavery was based on race.
• European plantation system in the Caribbean and the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and damaged the environment.
Explain that the European nations established a trade pattern known as the triangular trade and exported precious metals from the Americas.
Explain that the triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas, through the trade of slaves, sugar, and rum.
Describe the impact of precious metal exports from the Americas. Use the following information as a guide:
• Gold and silver (exported to Europe and Asia)
• Impact on indigenous empires of the Americas
• Impact on Spain and international trade
Explain how economic activity in Europe expanded and stimulated trade with markets in Asia. Analyze the impact of the fall of Constantinople and the development of technology that led to the expansion of maritime trade. Analyze the impact of technologies from the Islamic world, as well as notable European innovations.
Consider the following factors to identify, analyze, and explain the economic, political and religious motives for exploration:
• Increased European wealth, which led to a demand for gold, spices, and natural resources
• Political and economic competition among European empires for trade routes, wealth, and power
• Support for the diffusion of Christianity
• Influence of Catholics and Protestants, who carried their faith, language, and culture to new lands
• Conversion of indigenous peoples
Identify and compare the nations and explorers participating in the establishment of overseas empires.
Analyze the means and impact of the diffusion of Christianity.
Identify and compare the areas colonized by Europeans in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
Analyze the impact of migration and cultural interaction on indigenous populations
Below is an annotated list of Internet resources for this organizing topic. Copyright restrictions may exist for the material on some Web sites. Please note and abide by any such restrictions.
Age of Exploration Time Line. The Mariners Museum. <http://www.mariner.org/educationalad/ageofex/>. This site contains information on exploration from ancient times to the present.
Conquistadors. Public Broadcasting System. <http://www.pbs.org/opb/conquistadors/home.htm>. This site about the conquistadors in the Western Hemisphere includes links to a timeline and a teaching guide. NOTE: Links within the site will take students to information on the cultures of the Americas before and after European conquest. Web site timelines require Flash® technology, but the text information can stand on its own.
Modern History Sourcebook – Fordham University: Ferdinand Magellan's Voyage Round the World, 1519-1522 CE. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1519magellan.html>. This is an account of Magellan’s crews’ voyage around the world.
Historical Maps of the World. The University of Texas at Austin. <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_world.html>. This site provides access to historical maps.
“The Middle Passage.” Africans in America, PBS online. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p277.html>. This site provides information and pictures on the middle passage.
Pickering, Keith A. The Columbus Navigation Home Page. <http://www.columbusnavigation.com/>. This site examines “the history, navigation, and landfall of Christopher Columbus.”
Schuessler, Raymond. Ferdinand Magellan: The greatest voyager of them all. <http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/SCHUES01.ART>. This site provides another historical account of Magellan’s voyage.
“The Sea-Route to India and Vasco da Gama.” The European Voyages of Exploration. <http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco.html>. This site about da Gama and Portuguese traders includes interactive maps and extensive information.
Strassmann, Patty. The Influence of Spice Trade on the Age of Discovery. <http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/strass-1.html>. This is an extensive discussion of the spice trade that goes well beyond the SOL.
To the New Lands. <http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/index_e.aspx?DetailID=4116>. This site presents information about the explorations of Jacques Cartier.
Alfred W. Crosby, Professor Emeritus, University of Texas at Austin©National Humanities Center - The Columbian Exchange: Plants, Animals, and Disease between the Old and New Worlds <http://www.nhc.rtp.nc.us/tserve/nattrans/ntecoindian/essays/columbian.htm >. This an overview of the Columbian Exchange and its results.
History of Jamestown - APVA. <http://www.apva.org/history/index.html>. This site gives a brief account of the founding of Jamestown.
Jamestown 2007. <http://www.jamestown1607.org/?gclid=COr50oX0zosCFQfxgAodDCPlAw>. This site offers different perspectives on the founding of Jamestown.
Virginia Standards of Learning Assessments for the 2001 History and Social Science Standards of Learning: History and Social Science Released Items for World History II. Virginia Department of Education, 2003/04. <http://www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/Assessment/Release2003/History/VA-RIBs_g11wh2-1.pdf>.
Virginia Standards of Learning Assessments for the 2001 History and Social Science Standards of Learning. World History and Geography: 1500 a.d. to the Present. Test Blueprint. Virginia Department of Education, 2003/04.<http://www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/Assessment/HistoryBlueprints03/2002Blueprint7WHI.pdf>.
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