| WHII.3 |
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Reformation in terms of its impact on Western civilization by |
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a) |
explaining the effects of the theological, political, and economic differences that emerged, including the views and actions of Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I;; |
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b) |
describing the impact of religious conflicts, the Inquisition, and Catholic Reformation on society and government actions; |
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c) |
describing changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies, and assessing the role of the printing press. |
NOTE: The Virginia Board of Education adopted the revised 2008 History and Social Science Standards of Learning at the January 10, 2008, meeting. Full implementation of these documents is scheduled for the 2010-2011 school year, as outlined in Superintendent’s Memorandum Informational Number 49.
Summarize the problems and issues that provoked religious reforms in Western Christianity.
Explain that for centuries the Roman Catholic Church had little competition in religious thought and action. The resistance of the Church to change led to the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in the birth of new political and economic institutions.
Summarize the following conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome:
• Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury.
• German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.
• The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.
• Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.
Summarize the beliefs of Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VII. Use the following information as a guide:
Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition)
• Views—Salvation by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God
• Actions—Posting of the 95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church
John Calvin (the Calvinist tradition)
• Views—Predestination, faith revealed by living a righteous life, importance of the work ethic
• Actions—Expansion of the Protestant Movement
King Henry VIII (the Anglican tradition)
• Views—Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
• Actions—Divorced and remarried; broke with Rome; headed the national church in England; appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England
Explain that the Reformation had its roots in theology, but it led to important economic and political changes. Religious differences and hostilities caused war and destruction.
Summarize the major economic, political, and theological issues involved in the Reformation, using the following information as a guide:
Reformation in Germany
• Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of the Pope in their states.
• The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.
• Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).
Reformation in England
• Anglican Church became a national church throughout the British Isles under Elizabeth I.
• The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism.
Reformation in France
• Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked).
• Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict.
• Catholic Church mounted a series of reforms and reasserted its authority.
• Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.
• Inquisition was established to reinforce Catholic doctrine.
Explain that, at first, the Reformation divided the countries of Europe on religious principles, leading to religious intolerance.
Explain that power in most European states was concentrated in the monarch.
Explain that gradually religious toleration emerged, along with democratic thought.
Summarize the changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies during the Reformation. Use the following information as a guide:
• Growth of secularism
• Growth of individualism
• Growth of religious tolerance
Summarize the role of the printing press in the spread of new ideas. Use the following information as a guide:
• Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press.
• The Bible was printed in English, French, and German.
• These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance.
Below is an annotated list of Internet resources for this organizing topic. Copyright restrictions may exist for the material on some Web sites. Please note and abide by any such restrictions.
“Henry VIII.” The Catholic Encyclopedia. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07222a.htm>. This site provides information on the life of King Henry VIII and his influence on the church.
“Henry VIII (1509-47 AD).” Britannia. <http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon41.html>. This site provides information on the life and significance of King Henry VIII.
“Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547).”Kings and Queens of England (to 1603). Official Web Site of the British Monarchy. <http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page19.asp>. This site provides information on King Henry VIII.
“Huguenots.” The Catholic Encyclopedia. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07527b.htm>. This site provides information on the history of the church.
Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham University. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/map16rel.gif>. This site contains a map of the religious divisions in Europe during the time of the Reformation.
“John Calvin.” The Catholic Encyclopedia. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03195b.htm>. This site provides information on the role of John Calvin in the Reformation.
“Nantes, Edict of.” Infoplease. <http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0834814.html>. This site provides information on the establishment and subsequent revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
Project Wittenberg. <http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/wittenberg-home.html>. This site contains links to works by and about Martin Luther.
“The Reformation.” The Catholic Encyclopedia. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12700b.htm - I>. This site provides information on the causes, the reformers, the spread, and the consequences of the Reformation.
“Reformation Europe.” Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook02.html>. This site provides information on the Reformation.
“Reformation Map.” SchoolHistory.co.uk. <http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/year8links/elizabeth/reformationmap.pdf>. This site contains a blank outline map of Europe and the British Isles during the time of the Reformation.
“Religion, Wars of.” Infoplease. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2002. <http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0841497.html>. This site contains information on the causes and effects of the religious wars in France from 1562 to 1598.
“The Wars of Religion.” Discovery and Reformation. World Civilizations: An Internet Classroom and Anthology. Washington State University. <http://www.wsu.edu/%7Edee/REFORM/WARS.HTM>. This site contains information on the causes and effects of the religious wars in France from 1562 to 1598.
Virginia Standards of Learning Assessments for the 2001 History and Social Science Standards of Learning: History and Social Science Released Items for World History II. Virginia Department of Education, 2003/04. <http://www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/Assessment/Release2003/History/VA-RIBs_g11wh2-1.pdf>.
Virginia Standards of Learning Assessments for the 2001 History and Social Science Standards of Learning. World History and Geography: 1500 a.d to the Present. Test Blueprint. Virginia Department of Education, 2003/04. <http://www.doe.virginia.gov/VDOE/Assessment/HistoryBlueprints03/2002Blueprint8WHII.pdf>. |
