| WHI.5 |
The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by |
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assessing the influence of geography on Greek economic, social, and political development, including the impact of Greek commerce and colonies; |
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describing Greek mythology and religion; |
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identifying the social structure and role of slavery, explaining the significance of citizenship and the development of democracy, and comparing the city-states of Athens and Sparta; |
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evaluating the significance of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars; |
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characterizing life in Athens during the Golden Age of Pericles; |
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citing contributions in drama, poetry, history, sculpture, architecture, science, mathematics, and philosophy, with emphasis on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle; |
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g) |
explaining the conquest of Greece by Macedonia and the formation and spread of Hellenistic culture by Alexander the Great.. |
NOTE: The Virginia Board of Education adopted the revised 2008 History and Social Science Standards of Learning at the January 10, 2008, meeting. Full implementation of these documents is scheduled for the 2010-2011 school year, as outlined in Superintendent’s Memorandum Informational Number 49.
Explain that the physical geography of the Aegean Basin shaped the economic, social, and political development of Greek civilization.
Explain that the expansion of Greek civilization, through trade and colonization, led to the spread of Hellenic culture across the Mediterranean and Black seas.
Explain how location and place, including the mountains, seas, islands, harbors, peninsulas, and straits of the Aegean Basin, shaped Greek economic, social, and political development and patterns of trade and colonization, using the following information as a guide:
• Aegean Sea
• Greek peninsula, Europe, Asia Minor
• Mediterranean Sea
• Black Sea, Dardanelles
• Athens, Sparta, Troy
• Macedonia
Describe the economic and social development of Greece, using the following information as a guide:
• Agriculture (limited arable land)
• Commerce and the spread of Hellenic culture
• Shift from barter to money economy (coins)
Describe the political development of Greece, using the following information as a guide:
• Mountainous terrain helped and hindered the development of city-states.
• Greek cities were designed to promote civic and commercial life.
• Colonization related to overpopulation and the search for arable land.
Explain that Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was integral to the culture, politics, and art in ancient Greece.
Explain that many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Greek mythology.
Describe how mythology helped the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition, using the following information as a guide:
• Based on polytheistic religion
• Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events
Identify the impact of Greek gods and goddesses on later civilizations and the contemporary world, using the following information as a guide:
• Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, and Aphrodite
• ymbols and images in Western literature, art, monumental architecture, and politics
Explain that classical Athens developed the most democratic system of government the world had ever seen, although not everyone could participate in decision-making. It became a foundation of modern democracies.
Explain that contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-states of Athens (democracy) and Sparta (oligarchy).
Describe the social structure and citizenship in the Greek polis, using the following information as a guide:
• Citizens (free adult males) had political rights and the responsibility of civic participation in government.
• Women and foreigners had no political rights.
• Slaves had no political rights.
Compare the societies of Athens and Sparta, using the following information as a guide:
Athens
• Stages in evolution of Athenian government: Monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, democracy
• Tyrants who worked for reform: Draco, Solon
• Origin of democratic principles: Direct democracy, public debate, duties of the citizen
Sparta
• Oligarchy (rule by a small group)
• Rigid social structure
• Militaristic and aggressive society
Explain that the Greeks defeated the Persian empire and preserved their political independence.
Explain that competition between Sparta and Athens for control of Greece helped cause the Peloponnesian War.
Summarize the importance of wars with Persia, from 499 to 449 B.C., to the development of Greek culture, using the following information as a guide:
• Persian wars united Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire.
• Athenian victories over the Persians at Marathon and Salamis left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea.
• Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations in government and culture.
Summarize the importance of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.), using the following information as a guide:
• Caused in part by competition for control of the Greek world—Athens and the Delian League v. Sparta and the Peloponnesian League
• Resulted in the slowing of cultural advance and the weakening of political power
Explain that Athenian culture, during the Classic Era, became one of the foundation stones of Western civilization.
Summarize the leadership of Pericles and its importance to the development of Athenian life and Greek culture, using the following information as a guide:
• Golden Age of Pericles (mostly occurring between the Persian and the Peloponnesian Wars)
• Pericles extended democracy; most adult males had equal voice.
• Pericles had Athens rebuilt after destruction in Persian Wars; the Parthenon is an example of this reconstruction.
Identify contributions of Greek culture to Western civilization, using the following information as a guide:
• Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles
• Poetry: Homer (Iliad and Odyssey)
• History: Herodotus, Thucydides
• Sculpture: Phidias
• Architecture: Types of columns included Doric (Parthenon), Ionian, and Corinthian
• Science: Archimedes, Hippocrates
• Mathematics: Euclid, Pythagoras
• Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Explain that the Macedonian conquest of Greece followed the weakening of Greek defenses during the Peloponnesian War.
Explain that Alexander the Great adopted Greek culture and spread Hellenistic influences throughout his vast empire.
Summarize the Macedonian conquest and the contributions of Alexander the Great to the spread of Hellenistic culture, using the following information as a guide:
Phillip II, King of Macedon
• Conquered most of Greece
Alexander the Great
• Established an empire from Greece to Egypt and the margins of India
• Extended Greek cultural influences
Describe the Hellenistic Age, using the following information as a guide:
• Blend of Greek and oriental elements
• Spread of Hellenistic culture through trade
Below is an annotated list of Internet resources for this organizing topic. Copyright restrictions may exist for the material on some Web sites. Please note and abide by any such restrictions.
“Ancient Greece: Persian Wars.” World Civilizations: An Internet Classroom and Anthology. Washington State University. <http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/PERSIAN.HTM>. This site provides information on the causes, phases, and results of the Persian Wars.
“Ancient Greece: Sparta.” World Civilizations: An Internet Classroom and Anthology. Washington State University. <http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/GREECE/SPARTA.HTM>. This site provides information on the history and culture of Sparta.
“The Development of the Silk Road.” Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education (SPICE): The China Project. <http://www.askasia.org/teachers/essays/essay.php?no=75&era=&grade=&geo>. This site provides information on the history of the Silk Road from the second century b.c. to the fourteenth century a.d.
“Draco and Solon Laws.” <http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=haaren&book=greece&story=draco>. This site provides a brief history of Draco’s and Solon’s legal code.
“Greece Hellenistic.” The History Net. <http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa041700a.htm>. This site provides information and links for the Hellenistic Age.
“Humanities 101 Iliad Home Page.” Reed College. <http://academic.reed.edu/humanities/110Tech/Iliad.html>. This site provides information on the writings of Homer, including a map and a chronology.
The Iliad. MIT. <http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.html>. This site contains a copy of Homer’s Iliad.
The Odyssey. MIT. <http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/odyssey.html>. This site contains a copy of Homer’s Odyssey.
“The Peloponnesian War.” History of Western Civilization. Boise State University. <http://history.boisestate.edu/westciv/peloponn/>. This site provides links to the causes, phases, and outcomes of the Peloponnesian War.
“Study Guide for Homer’s Odyssey.” Temple University. Department of Greek, Hebrew and Roman Classics. <http://www.temple.edu/classics/odysseyho.html>. This site contains a book-by-book for Homer’s Odyssey, as well as a chronology and a thematic structure of the Odyssey.
Virginia Standards of Learning Assessments for the 2001 History and Social Science Standards of Learning: History and Social Science Released Items for WorldHistoryI.Virginia Department of Education 2003/04. <http://www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/Assessment/Release2003/History/VA-RIBs_g11wh1-1.pdf>.
Virginia Standards of Learning Assessments for the 2001 History and Social Science Standards of Learning. World History and Geography to 1500 A.D. Test Blueprint. Virginia Department of Education, 2003/04. <http://www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/Assessment/HistoryBlueprints03/2002Blueprint7WHI.pdf>. This site provides assessment information for World History and Geography to 1500 A.D.
The World Factbook. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. <https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html>. This site provides information on nations of the world.
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