| WHI.4 |
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the civilizations of Persia, India, and China in terms of chronology, geography, social structures, government, economy, religion, and contributions to later civilizations by |
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describing Persia, with emphasis on the development of an imperial bureaucracy; |
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b) |
describing India, with emphasis on the Aryan migrations and the caste system; |
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c) |
describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Hinduism; |
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d) |
describing the origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Buddhism; |
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e) |
describing China, with emphasis on the development of an empire and the construction of the Great Wall; |
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f) |
describing the impact of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.
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Explain that Persia, built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamian civilizations, developed the largest empire in the world.
Describe how the Persian rulers governed their empire. Use the following information as a guide:
• Tolerance of conquered peoples
• Development of imperial bureaucracy
• Zoroastrianism as a religion
• Road system
Explain that classical Indian civilization began in the Indus River Valley and spread to the Ganges River Valley, then through the Indian subcontinent. It continued with little interruption because of its geographic location.
Summarize how physical geography and location were important to the development of Indian civilization, using the following information as a guide:
• Physical barriers such as the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the Indian Ocean made invasion more difficult.
• Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided invasion routes into the Indian subcontinent.
• The Indus and Ganges were the most important rivers in the Indian subcontinent.
Explain that the Indo-Aryan people invaded the area, creating a rigidly structured society (caste system) blended with native beliefs.
Describe the impact the Aryans had on India, using the following information as a guide. Include the importance of the caste system to Indian culture:
• Migration, assertion of dominance
• Rigid caste system (hereditary), which influenced all social interactions and choices of occupations
Identify the accomplishments of the Gupta dynasty, using the following information as a guide:
• Golden age of classical Indian culture
• Contributions—mathematics, new textiles, literature
Explain that during the Golden Age of classical Indian culture, Indian people made significant contributions to world civilization.
Explain that Hinduism was an important contribution of classical India.
Explain that Hinduism influenced Indian society and culture and is still practiced in India today.
Identify the characteristics of the Hindu religion, using the following information as an example:
• Caste system in religious law based on occupations
• Belief in many forms of one major deity
• Reincarnation: Cycles of rebirth
• Karma: Future reincarnation based on present behavior
• Vedas and Upanishads: Sacred writings
Explain that Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in a part of India that is in present-day Nepal.
Explain that Buddhism became a major faith when Asoka sent missionaries throughout Asia.
Explain that Asoka’s missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia.
Identify the characteristics of Buddhism, using the following information as a guide:
• Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
• Four Noble Truths
• Eightfold Path to Enlightenment
Explain that classical China was centered on the Huang He (Yellow River) and was geographically isolated. Invaders entered China from the North. The Great Wall was built for China’s protection.
Explain that Chinese culture began around 1500 B.C. Of Chinese contributions to civilization, Confucianism and Taoism are among the most noted.
Explain that migratory invaders raided Chinese settlements from the North. The Great Wall was built by Qin Shi Huangdi as a line of defense against invasions.
China was governed by a succession of ruling families called dynasties.
Chinese rulers were considered divine, but they served under a Mandate of Heaven only as long as their rule was just.
Explain that the Silk Roads facilitated trade and contact between China and other cultures as far away as Rome.
Identify the contribution of classical China to world civilization, using the following information as a guide:
• civil service system
• paper
• porcelain
• silk
Identify the contributions of Confucianism in forming the social order in China, using the following information as a guide:
• Belief that humans are good, not bad
• Respect for elders
• ode of politeness, still used in Chinese society today
• Emphasis on education
• Ancestor worship
Identify the contribution of Taoism in forming Chinese culture and values, using the following information as a guide:
• Humility
• Simple life and inner peace
• Harmony with nature
Explain that Yin/Yang represented opposites for Confucianism and Taoism.
Explain that Chinese forms of Buddhism spread throughout Asia.
Below is an annotated list of Internet resources for this organizing topic. Copyright restrictions may exist for the material on some Web sites. Please note and abide by any such restrictions.
“The Age of the Guptas and After.” World Civilizations: An Internet Classroom and Anthology. Washington State University. <http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ANCINDIA/GUPTA.HTM>. This site contains textual information on the Gupta Dynasty. A map of the Gupta Empire is located at <http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ANCINDIA/GUPTAMAP.HTM/>.
“Ancient Babylonia – Persian Rulers of Babylonia.” Bible History On Line. <http://www.bible-history.com/babylonia/BabyloniaPersian_Rulers_of_Babylonia.htm>. This site contains a timeline of Ancient Babylonia.
“Ancient India.” World Civilizations: An Internet Classroom and Anthology. Washington State University. <http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ANCINDIA/ANCINDIA.HTM>. This site contains information on Ancient India, including historical events and figures, religion, and culture.
“The Aryans.” World Civilizations: An Internet Classroom and Anthology. Washington State University. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ANCINDIA/ARYANS.HTM . This site contains information on the nomadic tribes called Aryans, who invaded India during ancient times.
“The Caste System.” Southern Nazarene University. <http://david.snu.edu/~dwilliam.fs/s97/india/caste.htm>. This site contains information on the history of the caste system, British influence on the system, and Indian reactions to the British influence.
“Gupta Empire.” Oswego City School District Regents Exam Pre Center. <http://regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/goldenages/gupta.cfm>. This site contains information on background, mathematics and science, arts and literature, and medicine of the Gupta Empire.
“Interactive Silk Road Map Exercise.” Silk Road Seattle Project. The University of Washington. <http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/maps/maps.html>. This exercise uses maps and an interactive quiz to assist learners in mastering basic geography of the Silk Road.
IranChamber.com. <http://www.iranchamber.com/index.php>. This site provides information on Iran.
“Persia.” Internet Ancient History Sourcebook. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook05.html>. This site contains information on topics including Persian history, religions, art, and architecture.
“The Persian Gallery.” Oriental Institute Museum. The University of Chicago. <http://oi.uchicago.edu/museum/persia/>. This site contains information on history and ancient artifacts of Persia and photographs of related sites.
Virginia Standards of Learning Assessments for the 2001 History and Social Science Standards of Learning: History and Social Science Released Items for WorldHistoryI.Virginia Department of Education 2003/04. <http://www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/Assessment/Release2003/History/VA-RIBs_g11wh1-1.pdf>.
Virginia Standards of Learning Assessments for the 2001 History and Social Science Standards of Learning. World History and Geography to 1500 A.D. Test Blueprint. Virginia Department of Education, 2003/04. <http://www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/Assessment/HistoryBlueprints03/2002Blueprint7WHI.pdf>. This site provides assessment information for World History and Geography to 1500 a.d.
The World Factbook. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. <https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html>. This site provides information on nations of the world.
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