| WHI.12 |
The student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the late medieval period by |
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describing the emergence of nation-states (England, France, Spain, and Russia) and distinctive political developments in each; |
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explaining conflicts among Eurasian powers, including the Crusades, the Mongol conquests, and the fall of Constantinople; |
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identifying patterns of crisis and recovery related to the Black Death (Bubonic plague); |
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explaining the preservation and transfer to Western Europe of Greek, Roman, and Arabic philosophy, medicine, and science. |
NOTE: The Virginia Board of Education adopted the revised 2008 History and Social Science Standards of Learning at the January 10, 2008, meeting. Full implementation of these documents is scheduled for the 2010-2011 school year, as outlined in Superintendent’s Memorandum Informational Number 49.
Explain that European monarchies consolidated power and began forming nation-states in the late medieval period.
Explain how European nation-states expanded their territories and consolidated their power, using the following information as a guide:
England
• William the Conqueror, leader of the Norman Conquest, united most of England.
• Common law had its beginnings during the reign of Henry II.
• King John signed the Magna Carta, limiting the King’s power.
• The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define England as a nation.
France
• Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France.
• The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define France as a nation.
• Joan of Arc was a unifying factor.
Spain
• Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and expelled Muslim Moors.
• Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Philip II.
Russia
• Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian nation.
• Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar.
• The Orthodox Church influenced unification.
Explain that crusades were carried out by Christian political and religious leaders to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Identify the key events and effects of the Crusades, using the following information as a guide:
Key events of Crusades
• Pope Urban’s speech
• The capture of Jerusalem
• Founding of Crusader states
• Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin
• Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders
Effects of Crusades
• Weakened the Pope and nobles; strengthened monarchs
• Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East
• Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims
• Weakened the Byzantine Empire
Explain that Mongol armies invaded Russia, Southwest Asia, and China, creating an empire.
Summarize the effects of the Mongol army invasions, using the following information as a guide:
• Invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in Southwest Asia, destroying cities and countryside
• Created an empire
Describe the effects of the Ottoman invasions of Europe.
Explain that Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire.
Describe the impact Ottoman invasions had on Constantinople, using the following information as a guide:
• Fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire
• Became capital of the Ottoman Empire
Explain that in the fourteenth century, the Black Death (bubonic plague) decimated the population of much of Asia and then the population of much of Europe.
Summarize the impact the Black Death had on economic and social institutions in much of Asia and then in Europe, using the following information as a guide:
• Decline in population
• Scarcity of labor
• Towns freed from feudal obligations
• Decline of church influence
• Disruption of trade
Explain that education was largely confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages. The masses were uneducated, while the nobility was concerned with feudal obligations. Church scholars preserved ancient literature in monasteries in the East and West.
Summarize how European scholars began to interpret and value ancient learning. Use the following information as a guide:
• Were among the very few who could read and write
• Worked in monasteries
• Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin
• Made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available in Europe
• Laid the foundation for the rise of universities in Europe
Below is an annotated list of Internet resources for this organizing topic. Copyright restrictions may exist for the material on some Web sites. Please note and abide by any such restrictions.
“The Crusades.” Boise State University. <http://crusades.boisestate.edu/contents.shtml>. This site provides information on the Crusades.
Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html>. This site provides information on medieval history.
Military History. <http://militaryhistory.about.com/homework/militaryhist>. This site provides information on a variety of military history topics. Type the topic desired and click “GO’.
Medieval History. <http://historymedren.about.com/homework/historymedren/cs/latercrusades/index.htm?iam=dpile&terms=%2Bsaladin>. This site provides information on the later Crusades.
“The Mongols and the Emergence of Moscow.” Interknowledge Corporation. <http://www.interknowledge.com/russia/rushis03.htm>. This site provides historical information on the Mongols.
“Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe.” Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities. University of Virginia. <http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/osheim/intro.html>. This site provides information on plague and disease during Renaissance Europe.
“The Power of the Church in 1500.” SchoolHistory.co.uk. http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/year7links/church/PoweroftheChurch.pdf. This site provides a brief lesson on the power of the Church in 1500.
“The Rights of Englishmen.” Jamestown Virtual Colony. <http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/socialstudies/projects/jvc/unit/govt/english_rights.html>. This site provides a lesson plan on teaching the Magna Carta.
“Urban II (1088-1099): Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095.” Medieval Sourcebook. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/urban2-5vers.html>. This site provides five versions of the speech.
Virginia Standards of Learning Assessments for the 2001 History and Social Science Standards of Learning: History and Social Science Released Items for World History I. Virginia Department of Education 2003/04. <http://www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/Assessment/Release2003/History/VA-RIBs_g11wh1-1.pdf>.
Virginia Standards of Learning Assessments for the 2001 History and Social Science Standards of Learning. World History and Geography to 1500 A.D. Test Blueprint. Virginia Department of Education, 2003/04. <http://www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/Assessment/HistoryBlueprints03/2002Blueprint7WHI.pdf>. This site provides assessment information for World History and Geography to 1500 A.D. |
